The Egyptian history of the Left, is a part an exciting dive in the diffusion ideas of radical criticism of the late nineteenth century throughout the world. It is an opening on how, specifically, the analysis of Marx, their takeover by the intellectuals of diverse cultures, their criticism, especially by anarchist thinkers, Bakunin which were transported in the southern Mediterranean, traveled with men, travelers, immigrants and labor activists in exile. The importance of migration of Greeks, Italians, who go in the same decades also towards the North and South, to Egypt is a salutary reminder of the importance of these migratory phenomena in the development of internationalism the heart of the labor movement in the late nineteenth century. These articles also remind us how the corpus of texts, making references Commons debates hearts, are formed through publications in newspapers, the circulation of these newspapers, and of course the distribution of translations. This story of the Egyptian left is of course an echo of the first steps of the first international at the same time as the reminder of the extreme difficulty in overcoming the national rooting, both in their linguistic, religious, and social despite aiming internationalist. All sections of the record show how the barrier of language diversity has, at times, been taken into account as evidenced by the work of translation, multilingualism of many initiatives, and at the same time, often been underestimated. Moreover, it is not just diversity of origin, but also a diversity that reflects the confrontation between citizens of European nations, potentially colonizing and colonized people. The articles are crossed by the consideration of this difficulty for activists who superadded internationalist cultural diversity antagonism created by a colonial situation. Similarly, occurs within the diffusion ideas of the left shift in sensitivity to religion, between Marxists and anarchist activists from Europe, often very critical vis-à-vis the religious practices of the Egyptians and Muslims, believers and most often concerned with compatibility between their religious and political practices. This dimension of the difficulties of a particularly awkward sounds great to our ears of the citizens of the planet at the beginning of the nineteenth century. is however one of the interests of the historical approach to show that the religious question, though present, especially with regard to players of Jewish origin and especially in times of conflict over Palestine, much less defined deep divisions that will do a century later. However, one of the issues in this case, it is also, through the example of Egypt, to give some understanding on the failure ultimately left to the foothold in the Arab world during the twentieth century. Sections of the file formulate indeed how, in the late nineteenth century to the 1970s, the struggles for national independence was the main axis of collective mobilization. Forms of articulation between nationalist struggles and struggles left, struggles for social justice of various forms, have been one of the elements of the division of the Left, including the communist left, favoring fragmentation into rival groups. This fragmentation, constantly renewed, was itself a source of weakness, of course.
Sections dealing with the aftermath of the Second World War in particular, show how nationalism is once again at that time the main vehicle for community mobilization, bringing together some of the elite and much of the people, and how the priority the struggle for independence was disqualified social struggles, relegated to secondary claims and always suspicious of weakening the nationalist struggle. This renunciation of the specific aspect of the class struggle was reflected particularly in the case of Egypt by dissolution, by a party of communists themselves, their own organizations. The work of historians shows how despite this sacrifice, loyalty to the Communist regime has always been suspect in the eyes of it and how the repression in addition to the lack of public expression, this has reduced the influence of currents on the left, Marxist or not, in public opinion during the second century. These studies also show how the size of the authoritarian regime has been accepted by the Marxists in the name of defending national interests, especially when they were supported by the USSR. We understand better how this is such acceptance has undermined the credibility of political movements from left to be carriers of alternatives to be supporters of fighting for the defense of freedom and emancipation. In this fundamental contribution to all anti-colonial struggles, the left may seem, from reading these contributions, eventually bled out. Because of its submission to a national imperative that seemed inevitable, however, it remained confined to a word Conditional she became suspicious of complicity with authoritarian rule that has yet abused, without it having been permanently hanging over him. The Left in Egypt (nineteenth and twentieth centuries), Journal of 
history. Revue d'histoire critique
No. 105-106, 2008. history. Revue d'histoire critique 
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